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Economics

75 posts tagged economics.

Oct 31, 2026

No-Code AI Agent Builders Compared (2026): 7 Tools, One Shutting Down

No-code AI agent builders compared for 2026: n8n, Zapier Agents, Make, Gumloop, Relevance AI, Copilot Studio and OpenAI Agent Builder (shutting down 30 November). Billing units, real prices, self-hosting, a per-message cost worked through, and when to write code instead.

11 min
Oct 31, 2026

Multi-Agent Systems in 2026: +90% on Research, -70% on Planning, 15x Tokens

When multi-agent systems beat a single agent in 2026: Anthropic's 90.2% research gain at 15x the tokens, Google's 260-configuration study (+80.8% to -70%), Cognition's single-writer rule, the MAST failure taxonomy, and how to evaluate before you split.

12 min
Oct 31, 2026

GitHub Actions vs GitLab CI vs Jenkins (2026): Pricing, Runners, Security

GitHub Actions vs GitLab CI vs Jenkins, plus CircleCI and Buildkite, in 2026: per-minute runner prices, the postponed self-hosted runner charge, who uses what (47% of organisations on Actions), CI products in CISA's exploited-bugs list, and what leaving Jenkins really takes.

13 min
Oct 31, 2026

How to Cut LLM API Costs: Prompt Caching, Batching, Routing (2026)

Step-by-step guide to cutting LLM API costs in 2026: measure usage fields, stabilise prompt prefixes, add Claude cache_control and OpenAI cache breakpoints, use Gemini context caching, move offline work to 50%-off batch APIs, route by task, cap max_tokens, and fix cache misses.

12 min
Oct 31, 2026

Cloud Run vs App Runner vs Container Apps (2026): App Runner Is Closed

Cloud Run vs AWS App Runner vs Azure Container Apps in 2026: App Runner closed to new customers on 30 April, ECS Express Mode replaced it, and keeping one 1 vCPU instance warm costs $10 to $57 a month depending on the platform. Limits, pricing, GPUs and cold starts compared.

13 min
Oct 31, 2026

AWS vs Azure vs GCP 2026: Which Cloud to Learn First, by the Numbers

AWS vs Azure vs GCP for beginners in 2026: Synergy's Q2 2026 market share (28/20/15), job postings, Stack Overflow 2026 usage, the new free tiers, entry certifications, renamed AI platforms, a service mapping table, and which cloud to learn first.

13 min
Oct 31, 2026

Amazon S3 Explained (2026): Storage Classes, Real Prices and Egress

Amazon S3 in 2026 explained for engineers: every storage class with current us-east-1 prices, request and egress costs, Intelligent-Tiering break-even, Express One Zone, S3 Tables, Vectors and Files, security defaults, and how S3 compares with Cloudflare R2 and Google Cloud Storage.

13 min
Oct 20, 2026

Vector Databases in 2026: Do You Need One, or Is pgvector Enough?

An engineer's guide to vector databases in 2026: pgvector 0.8.7, Pinecone, Qdrant, Milvus 3.0, Weaviate, turbopuffer, Amazon S3 Vectors and Elasticsearch compared on price and architecture, why the benchmarks mislead, and when Postgres is enough.

13 min
Oct 20, 2026

Serverless in 2026: Lambda vs Cloud Run vs Workers, and When It Costs More

Serverless in 2026 explained: AWS Lambda Managed Instances, durable functions, SnapStart and the new Web Functions, Cloud Run GPUs and worker pools, Azure Container Apps, Cloudflare Containers and Vercel Fluid compute, with a list-price comparison and the workloads where serverless costs more.

14 min
Oct 20, 2026

Self-Hosting vs SaaS in 2026: 37signals Saved $2M a Year. Should You?

A balanced look at self-hosting vs SaaS and cloud repatriation in 2026: 37signals' published cloud exit numbers, Ahrefs and Dropbox, what the surveys measure, Coolify, Dokploy and Kamal, the ops cost nobody invoices, and a break-even rule.

13 min
Oct 20, 2026

Self-Hosting LLMs vs API Costs in 2026: The 62% Utilisation Break-Even

Self-hosting an open LLM vs paying per token in October 2026: H100 prices from $1.17 to $4.29 an hour, 8,973 tokens/s per GPU for gpt-oss-120b on vLLM, a $0.20 per million API price, the utilisation each price needs to break even, and the ops costs the spreadsheet leaves out.

13 min
Oct 20, 2026

RAG vs Long Context vs Fine-Tuning in 2026: 1M Tokens Isn't Free

RAG vs long context vs fine-tuning in 2026: current 1M-token context windows and prices, what context rot, NoLiMa and RULER show about long-context accuracy, where RAG fails, the per-query cost math, and a decision framework you can apply this quarter.

13 min
Oct 20, 2026

Kubernetes Cost Optimization in 2026: 8% CPU Use and What Fixes It

Kubernetes cost optimisation as of October 2026: Cast AI measures 8% CPU and 20% memory utilisation, Datadog puts 83% of container cost on idle, plus OpenCost vs IBM Kubecost 3.0, Karpenter 1.15 Balanced consolidation, in-place resize, spot and Graviton.

12 min
Oct 20, 2026

Is Fine-Tuning LLMs Worth It in 2026? Prices, LoRA, RFT and OpenAI's Exit

When fine-tuning an LLM beats prompting and RAG in 2026: OpenAI is winding down its fine-tuning API, Google and AWS added RL tuning, LoRA matches full fine-tuning when configured right, and a 5,000-example run costs $5 to $300 depending on where you train it.

14 min
Oct 5, 2026

Model Collapse in 2026: The Loop Nobody Runs, a 40% Synthetic Phi-4, a 49.9% AI Web, and 300T Human Tokens Left

What the model-collapse research tested versus the headline: Shumailov's Nature loop deletes real data every generation and takes OPT-125m from 20 to 28 perplexity, while accumulating data bounds the error; my 100-generation Gaussian experiment shows median variance falling from 0.98 to 0.36 under replacement and holding at 0.98 under accumulation; how Phi-4 (40% synthetic), Llama 3, DeepSeek-R1 (800k samples), Qwen3, Kimi K2 and Nemotron-CC-v2 (38%) actually use it; Epoch's 300T-token stock, Graphite's 49.9% AI web, Cloudflare's 38,065:1 crawl ratio and the $1.5B Bartz settlement.

15 min